Market Intelligence
How many cooling towers operate in the US (estimate)
Anvilfield estimates about 170,000 US cooling-tower installations, with a planning range of 80,000 to 360,000, from public building, factory, housing and power data.
Direct answer
Anvilfield research puts the 2026 US cooling-tower installed base at 170,000 installations, with an Anvilfield estimate range of 80,000 to 360,000. The central fleet contains 340,000 cell equivalents and supports 6,800 annual replacement equivalents. An installation is a tower assembly or connected bank retained in normal, seasonal or standby service; cells and purchasing accounts have separate records.
On this page
What does the US cooling tower estimate count?How many cooling towers are in the US?Why do published cooling tower counts differ?Which buildings and industries hold the installed base?How do you turn the national estimate into a local tower list?How do leading suppliers confirm towers and count cells?Field benchmarks for counting and qualifying towersWorked example: a regional cooling-tower service companyWhat does the count mean for treatment, maintenance and replacement?How should asset monitoring keep the inventory current?Tower inventory release checklistMethodologyOpen the related tool for the calculation, checklist, or packet.
Key takeaways
- The central estimate is 170,000 US tower installations and 340,000 tower-cell equivalents.
- The chiller-based commercial and institutional component contributes 104,000 installations in the central model.
- Public inputs and every scenario factor are documented; verified local equipment records determine service opportunities.
- Keep sites, installations, cells, water systems and purchasing accounts linked without treating them as interchangeable counts.
What does the US cooling tower estimate count?
Count a cooling-tower installation as an identifiable tower assembly or connected bank serving a plant. Its cells belong beneath that installation in the equipment register. A property with separate roof and yard tower banks has separate installation records; a bank with several fan sections retains its cell count beneath the bank. Keep a site identifier above both. This definition makes the national estimate useful for equipment makers without turning every visible fan into a separate customer.
The scope covers open-circuit towers and closed-circuit fluid coolers that use an external evaporative water circuit. It includes commercial and institutional cooling, manufacturing processes, large residential buildings and power generation, plus a stated allowance for other applications. Operating means retained in service for normal, seasonal or standby duty. Equipment permanently retired or disconnected is outside that boundary. The geography is the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii and the District of Columbia, excluding territories.
Use the cooling tower types and operation guide when classifying the equipment. A dry cooler, air-cooled chiller, rooftop air conditioner and cooling tower require different asset codes. Direct refrigerant evaporative condensers also stay in a separate inventory class. The tower estimate concerns evaporative cooling of water or a process-fluid loop; it does not pool every outdoor heat-rejection appliance into the same count.
Record separately treated water systems alongside the physical equipment. Shared water chemistry can connect several assemblies, while a portfolio contract can cover several sites. Manufacturers need assemblies and configurations, parts distributors need component schedules, and treatment firms need water-system and purchasing boundaries. Preserve those relationships before converting the count into a sales target.
cooling tower types and operation guideHow many cooling towers are in the US?
Anvilfield estimates 170,000 US cooling-tower installations in 2026, with a rounded range of 80,000 to 360,000. The table separates source-building counts, installation stock, cell equivalents and annual renewal. Sum installation components when reporting the national stock.
Anvilfield estimates 104,000 commercial and institutional tower installations. Manufacturing accounts for 30,000 installations: 5,000 at establishments with fewer than 20 employees and 25,000 at larger establishments.
Anvilfield estimates 19,000 tower installations serving large multifamily structures, 1,100 serving power generation and 15,000 in additional applications. Each component retains its own source population in Methodology.
Anvilfield estimates 340,000 tower-cell equivalents and 6,800 annual replacement equivalents. The chiller-based commercial and institutional component represents 61.2% of the central installation total. Methodology identifies the public inputs and Anvilfield conversion settings.
| Anvilfield estimate | Low | Central | High |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water-cooled-chiller buildings, 2018 reference | 71,900 | 89,900 | 107,800 |
| Commercial and institutional tower installations | 57,000 | 104,000 | 187,000 |
| Manufacturing installations, under 20 employees | 2,000 | 5,000 | 14,000 |
| Manufacturing installations, 20 or more employees | 9,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 |
| Manufacturing subtotal, already counted above | 11,000 | 30,000 | 64,000 |
| Large multifamily tower installations | 6,000 | 19,000 | 48,000 |
| Power-generation tower installations | 700 | 1,100 | 1,400 |
| Additional applications allowance | 4,000 | 15,000 | 60,000 |
| Total US tower installations, 2026 model | 79,000 | 170,000 | 360,000 |
| Tower-cell equivalents within the installed base | 118,000 | 340,000 | 1,081,000 |
| Annual steady-state replacement equivalents | 2,600 | 6,800 | 18,000 |
How to cite this estimate: Anvilfield, How many cooling towers operate in the US (estimate), 2026, https://anvilfield.com/field-guides/market-intelligence/how-many-cooling-towers-operate-in-the-us-estimate/
Why do published cooling tower counts differ?
The counting unit explains much of the difference. A registration entry, equipment schedule, aerial detection and treatment invoice describe different things. A registration often follows an administrative system boundary. A manufacturer's schedule follows its equipment designations. An aerial review follows visible objects. An invoice follows a purchasing scope. Reconcile those units before comparing totals.
Anvilfield research identifies 89,900 commercial buildings with water-cooled chillers in the 2018 reference stock. Buildings remain the source unit in that finding. A shared campus plant reduces the number of separate locations, while multiple assemblies at a plant increase the equipment count. Absorption chillers and water-loop systems also need coverage beyond this specific equipment question. The conversion belongs in a documented model rather than an unlabeled multiplier.
Date and operational status matter as much as the unit. A tower can remain visible after retirement, and a seasonal installation remains part of the serviceable stock while shut down for winter. Preserve the evidence date, operating status and confirmation source independently. An image date establishes when an object was visible; it does not establish when the plant last ran.
The companion regional cooling tower chemical-account analysis follows purchasing scopes. Use its account definition when planning treatment coverage. Use the installation definition here when sizing physical equipment. A sales manager should be able to move between those views without silently changing the denominator.
regional cooling tower chemical-account analysisWhich buildings and industries hold the installed base?
Commercial and institutional plants form the largest central component. Offices, hospitals, lodging properties and campuses are useful discovery categories because their cooling arrangements often include central equipment. CDC lists large buildings and industrial facilities among the places to investigate for towers. Confirm the installed system at the property before treating a building category as an equipment fact. [S8]
Manufacturing belongs in a separate frame because the commercial building survey does not provide a comprehensive factory inventory. Employment-size groups help distinguish small shops from larger process facilities, but staffing does not establish heat rejection. A machining plant, food processor and chemical facility require different qualification questions even when their employee counts match. Ask which process uses the cooling water and whether production depends on that circuit.
Large residential structures require another denominator. Housing units measure residences inside buildings, so convert them to structures before assigning tower prevalence. Separate a centrally cooled apartment building from a property using dwelling-level equipment. Ask the manager whether adjoining buildings share a plant and whether the same tower also serves commercial space; those relationships affect the site count and prevent duplicate account research.
Data centers belong to their actual building and plant segment. Add a separate asset record only after checking that the site is not already counted. Use the data center cooling-system overview to distinguish the architecture and the data center water-use guide to understand the operating records. Computing capacity by itself does not identify a cooling tower.
data center cooling-system overview
data center water-use guideHow do you turn the national estimate into a local tower list?
Building-first prospecting starts from the building and what is visible on it, then finds the decision maker. Define the territory, acceptable equipment classes and service boundaries before collecting contacts. Start the register with locations, evidence and the work your company supplies. This keeps a promising property attached to an actual reason for calling.
Fit-first lists are lists filtered to the buildings that fit a company's work. For a treatment firm, fit includes delivery access, water-system scope and response coverage. For an equipment maker, it includes product configuration, capacity information and the replacement channel. For a distributor, it includes the component families and contractors the branch can support.
Leading manufacturers, distributors and service companies now measure territory coverage at building level with data such as PorchRocket's Ground Control, which supplies standard commercial lists filtered by building size, business type and rooftop HVAC. Use those filters to define the building research frame, then verify tower equipment within it. Write the tower-specific requirement separately when standard building attributes do not settle it.
Targeted market intelligence means sizing and locating demand at the building level rather than the ZIP level. Apply it by retaining the equipment evidence, owner, operator, purchasing route and next action in the same prospect file. Allocate sales effort from verified local clusters instead of distributing the national estimate in proportion to population.
Keep the owner's name and the operating contact in different fields. A landlord, facilities contractor, manufacturing operator and treatment contractor can each control a different part of the work. Ask who authorizes inspection, who defines the scope and who approves spending. A record becomes sales-ready when those roles support a specific next conversation.
Building-first prospecting
Fit-first lists
Targeted market intelligenceHow do leading suppliers confirm towers and count cells?
Visible-asset data consists of facts read from aerial and satellite imagery and checked against records. Preserve the dated observation and distinguish it from the equipment classification. Screens, shadows and side-mounted fans affect what the reviewer can see. CDC recommends combining imagery with field observations and available permitting or registration records. [S8]
Installed-base mapping means locating every unit of a product class in the field, across brands. Establish site, installation and cell identifiers before joining contacts. A new image updates the evidence attached to those identifiers; it should not automatically create a new customer or duplicate an existing asset.
For a tower-specific inventory, PorchRocket's Asset Search finds visible assets from above and returns reviewed records with the owner of record on each find. Set the requested output around the installation definition and retain uncertain classifications for review. Confirm operating status, cell schedules and treatment boundaries with the facility after the visible equipment has been located.
Use the aerial cooling-equipment identification guide for classification and the rooftop survey limits guide when documenting an unresolved view. Several fan openings establish a visual feature. The equipment schedule, model identification and operator walkdown establish how many cells and assemblies belong in the inventory. Keep those evidence levels visible to the rep.
Field benchmarks for counting and qualifying towers
Use these rules to make records consistent across researchers, reps and estimators. The counting and review thresholds are Anvilfield operating targets. They define a repeatable handoff: what is counted, what evidence is retained and what must be checked before a proposal. They do not replace the facility's equipment schedule or operating program.
Investigate the type of error as well as its frequency. Duplicate addresses require a site-matching correction; dry coolers mislabeled as towers require a classification correction; retired equipment requires a status correction. Combining those errors into a single acceptance score hides which part of the workflow needs repair.
| Benchmark | Rule of thumb | How to apply it |
|---|---|---|
| Physical hierarchy | Keep 3 count levels: site, installation and cell. | Attach water systems and purchasing accounts as related records. |
| Candidate confirmation | Use at least 2 evidence channels before releasing a tower candidate. | Combine imagery with a schedule, operator confirmation or a current record; make confirmation traceable. |
| Record age | Preserve 2 dates: image capture and operational confirmation. | A recent review of an old image does not refresh the observation. |
| Initial quality review | Review 20 of the first 100 candidates, a 20% batch check. | Anvilfield review target. Classify errors, revise search rules and check affected records; release each candidate with its required evidence. |
| Candidate-to-site conversion | The worked case yields 72 unique sites per 100 candidate records. | Apply confirmation and deduplication before equipment multipliers; use local measured rates for the next batch. |
| Cell workload | The central model uses 2 cell equivalents per installation. | Replace the planning ratio with the equipment schedule before pricing work. |
| Service calendar | A monthly route package creates 12 planned visits per agreement each year. | An operational allowance; separate operator monitoring, cleaning and special visits. |
| Water efficiency | At fixed evaporation, moving from 3 to 6 concentration cycles reduces modeled makeup by 20%. | EPA water balance with negligible drift and leakage; chemistry determines feasible cycles. [S10] |
Worked example: a regional cooling-tower service company
A regional cooling-tower service company starts with 200 candidate records across its dispatch territory. Anvilfield estimates 160 confirmed records, 144 unique sites, 180 tower installations and 360 cells for this operating case. Site counts organize calls, installation counts organize mechanical scope, and cell counts organize cleaning access.
Anvilfield estimates 72 suitable sites, 18 scoped surveys and 6 new agreements for the company. The monthly service package adds 72 planned annual visits. Dispatch checks those visits against existing routes before committing to response terms. Methodology records the case settings.
For the broader building research, budget $2,000 to $4,000 for 200 standard commercial records from PorchRocket's Ground Control at its published $10 to $20 per building, with delivery within 48 hours after payment. That budget covers standard building records; custom tower identification receives its own scope. Keep research cost, technical surveys and sales labor on separate budget lines.
The sales manager reviews the transition between each stage. Lost candidates reveal classification problems. Lost sites reveal duplicates or shared plants. Poor service fit points to weak territory filters. A low survey yield calls for a review of purchasing timing and the offer. Update the next batch with those findings instead of increasing the headline list size and expecting the same staff to absorb the extra work.
| Anvilfield case estimate | Count |
|---|---|
| Candidate records | 200 |
| Confirmed tower records | 160 |
| Unique tower sites | 144 |
| Tower installations | 180 |
| Tower cells | 360 |
| Sites fitting the service offer | 72 |
| Scoped site surveys | 18 |
| New service agreements | 6 |
| Annual planned service visits | 72 |
What does the count mean for treatment, maintenance and replacement?
Treatment demand follows the separately managed water circuit and its operating conditions. Record makeup and blowdown measurements, run calendar, water quality, chemical program and the party responsible for monitoring. A tower installation count alone does not determine chemical gallons or service revenue. Use measured records to develop the treatment scope and retain the connection between the water system and its equipment.
The tower commissioning and water-treatment guide explains the technical handoff. Use the chiller plant startup guide when tower work affects plant performance, and the plant sequencing guide when duty changes between assemblies. Those operating relationships determine which work can proceed during cooling demand.
Mechanical maintenance follows the actual fans, drives, motors, fill, basins and controls. The variable-frequency drive guide supports drive scope, and the hydronic balancing guide supports flow verification. The waterside economizer guide explains another operating mode to record. Avoid pricing a generic tower visit before checking which components and modes the agreement covers.
Anvilfield's central renewal model allocates 6,800 installation equivalents a year to steady-state replacement planning. Use that flow for long-range equipment and channel capacity. Identify actual replacement projects from documented age, condition, capacity needs, repair history and an owner-approved plan. A complete bank replacement, cell replacement and component overhaul need separate opportunity codes so the same project is not booked repeatedly.
The cooling tower service-account guide connects these technical facts to the buying conversation. CDC's tower guidance calls for an ongoing water management program and site-specific monitoring. Keep responsibility for operating controls and corrective decisions with the designated program team. The market inventory supports service planning; the facility's approved scope governs the work. [S9]
How should asset monitoring keep the inventory current?
Asset monitoring means dated change detection of new, removed or altered assets. Compare observations against stable site and equipment identifiers. Record what changed, the dates being compared, the evidence and the action assigned to the account owner. Keep a visible change separate from a confirmed change in operation.
PorchRocket's Asset Search also scopes monitoring for new, removed or altered visible assets, with pricing set by the agreed search and monitoring scope. Specify the territory, accepted equipment classes, output format and useful cadence. Ask for change records tied to the existing inventory so a new view supports an account update instead of producing another disconnected spreadsheet.
A newly visible assembly starts a commissioning or supplier-research task. A removed bank starts an operator confirmation. A changed fan arrangement starts a component-schedule review. Keep those actions distinct from a sales claim about equipment failure or an immediate buying need. The evidence gives the rep a reason to investigate and a specific question to ask.
Retain retired assets in the history with an inactive status, and exclude them from the active stock count. Preserve prior identifiers when equipment is replaced at the same location. This lets manufacturers compare installed configurations over time and lets service managers explain why an account's workload changed.
Asset monitoringTower inventory release checklist
Release the territory file when another person can understand and verify each record without recreating the research. Assign an owner to unresolved fields and keep the review queue visible. A useful file tells the sales team what is established, what remains unknown and which action will resolve it.
Want this checklist to run itself on every job — with photo proof and a signed record crews can hand the customer? That's FieldOS.
Methodology
Public inputs: 2018 CBECS supplies 1,077 selected records and 89,871.06 weighted water-cooled-chiller buildings. The 2023 CBP manufacturing total is 284,452 establishments: 194,583 under 20 employees and 89,869 with 20 or more. The 2023 ACS B25024 national row supplies 9,815,908 housing units in structures with 50 or more units and a 90% margin of error of 51,469. EIA Table 9.3 for 2025 supplies 707 recirculating and 8 hybrid wet/dry cooling systems, totaling 715; once-through, pond, dry and other systems stay outside the power input.
Anvilfield research notes, November 5, 2026. The saved estimate script reads the downloaded files directly. For CBECS it sums final weights for water-cooled-chiller buildings, retains reported and imputed responses, and calculates jackknife error from 151 replicate weights with coefficient 1. The reference-building bounds use the weighted total plus or minus 1.96 standard errors. ACS input bounds use its published margin of error. The national low and high columns combine these input bounds with the scenario settings below; they describe sensitivity scenarios, not a national tower-survey confidence interval.
Multiply the commercial building frame by tower support, plants per building, assemblies per plant and stock change. Multiply each manufacturing group by adoption, assemblies per site, nonoverlap and stock change. Divide residential units by units per structure, then apply adoption, assemblies, nonoverlap and stock change. Convert reported power systems to installations and apply stock change. Add the components, then the additional-applications allowance. All adoption, conversion, growth and coverage factors are Anvilfield modeling research settings, not measured rates in the source surveys.
The additional allowance covers tower applications outside the primary frames, including water-loop and absorption-chiller arrangements, smaller residential properties and nonmanufacturing processes. It adds no second count for a site already assigned to a primary component. The nonoverlap factors address shared facilities and cross-frame coverage. Cell equivalents and annual renewal are secondary conversions of installation stock. Renewal horizons are planning settings rather than measured equipment lives or announced replacement projects.
The worked company case uses 80% confirmed records, 90% unique sites, 1.25 installations per site, 2 cells per installation, 50% service fit, 25% survey conversion and a one-third agreement conversion. It applies 12 visits per agreement. The building-record budget uses the published offer; it does not price custom asset finding. These are planning-case settings. The water benchmark uses makeup = evaporation x cycles / (cycles - 1), with negligible drift and leakage, following EPA's water balance. [S10]
Calculations retain full precision. Installation and cell rows round to the nearest thousand, source-building and renewal rows to the nearest hundred, and power installations to the nearest hundred. The introductory range rounds to the nearest ten thousand. Rounded component rows therefore differ slightly from a sum performed on their displayed values. Low, central and high settings appear in that order below.
| Research setting | Low / central / high | Role in the calculation |
|---|---|---|
| Annual net stock change | 0% / 0.5% / 1% | Compound from each input year to 2026; includes additions and retirements |
| Commercial tower-supported share | 90% / 95% / 100% | Fraction of water-cooled-chiller buildings using a tower |
| Commercial plants per supported building | 0.8 / 0.9 / 1 | Shared-plant adjustment |
| Commercial installations per plant | 1.1 / 1.3 / 1.6 | Assemblies or banks per plant |
| Manufacturing adoption, under 20 employees | 1% / 2% / 4% | Establishments using operating towers |
| Manufacturing adoption, 20 or more employees | 10% / 20% / 30% | Establishments using operating towers |
| Manufacturing installations per tower site | 1.1 / 1.4 / 1.8 | Assemblies per qualifying establishment |
| Manufacturing nonoverlap factor | 0.95 / 0.98 / 1 | Shared facilities and power-generation overlap |
| Large residential units per structure | 150 / 110 / 80 | Convert housing units to building equivalents |
| Large residential tower adoption | 10% / 20% / 30% | Share of structure equivalents using operating towers |
| Large residential installations per tower structure | 1 / 1.1 / 1.25 | Assemblies per qualifying structure |
| Large residential nonoverlap factor | 0.9 / 0.95 / 1 | Shared plants and mixed-use commercial overlap |
| Power installations per wet system | 1 / 1.5 / 2 | Convert reported systems to tower assemblies or banks |
| Additional applications allowance | 5% / 10% / 20% | Add to primary subtotal for smaller residential, other commercial and nonmanufacturing process applications |
| Cell equivalents per installation | 1.5 / 2 / 3 | Aggregate workload conversion; a single natural-draft structure counts as one equivalent |
| Steady-state renewal horizon, years | 30 / 25 / 20 | Installed stock divided by horizon; equipment planning scenario |
FAQ
How many cooling towers operate in the United States?
Anvilfield estimates 170,000 cooling-tower installations in its 2026 model, with a rounded range of 80,000 to 360,000. Methodology records the source populations, equipment conversions and coverage settings.
Does the estimate count cooling tower cells or complete towers?
The headline counts installations: identifiable tower assemblies or connected banks. Cell equivalents are a separate workload measure. The central conversion produces 340,000 cell equivalents. Use the actual equipment schedule to replace that aggregate ratio when planning a site visit or pricing service.
Are closed-circuit cooling towers included?
Yes. Closed-circuit fluid coolers using an external evaporative water circuit are included. Dry coolers and direct refrigerant evaporative condensers use separate inventory classes. Confirm the equipment and water circuits from the schedule and operator before assigning service scope.
Are the tall towers at power plants the whole market?
No. Anvilfield estimates 1,100 power-generation tower installations in the central model, derived from reported recirculating and hybrid cooling systems. Commercial, institutional, manufacturing and residential installations make up the other modeled components. Large physical size does not establish the largest equipment count.
Does a seasonal tower count as operating?
Yes, when it remains in service for its normal seasonal duty. Retain the operating calendar and status in the record. Permanently retired or disconnected equipment is excluded. Confirm status with current facility evidence instead of treating an idle fan or winter shutdown as retirement.
Can aerial imagery establish the complete tower count at a site?
Use imagery to locate and classify visible candidates, then reconcile them with equipment records and operator confirmation. Screens, shadows and hidden equipment affect visibility. Preserve separate counts for sites, assemblies, cells and treated systems so a visible fan pattern is not mistaken for a complete plant schedule.
How many cooling towers need replacement each year?
Anvilfield estimates 6,800 annual replacement equivalents, with a range of 2,600 to 18,000. Equipment condition, age, capacity needs and owner plans identify the projects that advance to a confirmed replacement scope.
How should a supplier use the estimate to choose a territory?
Use the national model to understand equipment segments and establish a research budget. Choose local coverage from verified tower sites, purchasing responsibility, service fit and travel requirements. Track the conversions from candidate record to confirmed site, suitable account and scoped opportunity before expanding the search.
People also ask
Sources checked
- S1. EIA 2018 CBECS public-use microdata 2018 reference stock; final public file revised 2022. Water-cooled central chiller selection and survey weights. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S2. EIA CBECS equipment and weight codebook 2018 survey; revised 2022. CHLWTRCL, FINALWT and replicate-weight definitions. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S3. EIA CBECS microdata user guide January 2023 revision. Jackknife method with 151 replicate weights and coefficient 1. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S4. Census County Business Patterns national file 2023 establishments. NAICS 31---- is the manufacturing aggregate; lfo '-' includes all legal forms. Employment-size bins supply the two factory groups. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S5. Census ACS B25024 table-based summary file 2023 one-year estimates. National row 0100000US, B25024_E009 and B25024_M009: housing units in structures with 50 or more units and their margin of error. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S6. Census ACS B25024 definitions 2023 one-year table definitions. Confirms the housing-unit universe and the 50-or-more-unit structure category. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S7. EIA Electric Power Annual, Table 9.3 2025 equipment data, released October 21, 2026. Recirculating and hybrid system quantities summed across fuel rows. The calculation is an Anvilfield conversion to installations. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S8. CDC Strategies for Identifying Cooling Towers Updated October 19, 2026. Imagery, field observations and registration records; visibility and classification limits. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S9. CDC Controlling Legionella in Cooling Towers January 3, 2025. Open- and closed-circuit tower distinctions and water-management responsibilities. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S10. EPA WaterSense at Work, Cooling Towers October 2012 edition, hosted in 2023. Makeup-water balance and concentration-cycle relationships; used for the derived water-efficiency benchmark. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S11. PorchRocket Ground Control Live 2026 offer. Standard commercial building filters, $10 to $20 per building and delivery within 48 hours after payment. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.
- S12. PorchRocket Asset Search Live 2026 offer. Custom visible-asset searches, reviewed findings with owner of record, monitoring and pricing by agreed scope. Opened with curl GET on November 5, 2026; HTTP 200.