Electrical
Conduit bodies and fittings: types and installation for electrical crews
Pick the conduit body by where the cover faces, use it as a pull point, splice only where the volume is marked, and size it so the conductors have room to bend.
Direct answer
A conduit body is a fitting in a conduit run that lets you change direction, pull, or reach the conductors through a removable cover without setting a box. Most conduit bodies are pull points only. Splicing is allowed only when the body is durably marked with its volume. The adopted NEC edition and the AHJ govern.
Key takeaways
- Most conduit bodies are pull points only; splicing is allowed only when the body is durably marked by the manufacturer with its volume in cubic inches, per NEC 314.16(C).
- NEC 314.28 sets minimum pull and bending dimensions for 4 AWG and larger conductors, commonly six times the largest entering trade size on an angle pull.
- For 4 AWG and larger conductors, the raceway entry needs a smooth, rounded insulating bushing under NEC 300.4(G) to prevent skinned insulation.
- L-series bodies turn a 90: LB cover faces back into a wall, LL opens left, LR opens right; pick by where the cover can be opened in the finished space.
- Feeder-sized pulls need a mogul body or one listed and marked for the conductors; bond around concentric and eccentric knockouts with a bushing and jumper per Article 250.
What a conduit body is, and where it fits in the run
A conduit body is an access fitting installed in a conduit run that lets you change direction, pull the conductors, or reach them later through a removable cover, without setting a box. It threads or clamps into the raceway like any other fitting, but the open face and the gasketed cover give you a hand-hole into the run at the exact point you need one. Pop the cover and you can feed a fish tape, grab the conductors coming around a corner, or get at a marked body where a splice is allowed.
It lives between the conduit and the box in the family of wiring-method parts. The raceway carries and protects the conductors, the box houses devices and the bulk of your splices, and the conduit body covers the spots in between where you need direction or access but a full box is overkill. The wiring-methods guide covers which raceway to run and the conduit-fill guide covers how to size it. This guide is about the fittings that join, turn, and open up that raceway.
Where crews get into trouble is treating every conduit body as interchangeable. The type letter, the volume marking, the bending room, and the wet rating all change what a given body is allowed to do. Grab the wrong one and you either fail inspection or you skin a conductor pulling through it.
Conduit body types and the letter codes
Conduit bodies are named by a letter or two that tells you the shape of the run and where the access cover or the side opening faces. The L-series are the elbows: one hub inline, one at a right angle, with the letter after the L naming the direction of the cover or the side opening as you hold the body in the orientation of the run. C is the straight inline body. T is the three-way. X is the four-way. Mogul means an oversized version of any of these with extra room inside.
The orientation letters are the part people mix up, and manufacturers do not all draw them from the same viewing angle, so confirm a body by looking at it rather than trusting the stamp alone. The reliable way to order is to picture the cover facing you and the conduit entering, then name where the cover or the offset opening sits. The table below is the working set you will reach for on most jobs.
| Type | Shape of run | Where the cover or opening faces |
|---|---|---|
| LB | 90-degree elbow | Cover/back opening behind the run, turns into a wall |
| LL | 90-degree elbow | Opening on the left as you face the body |
| LR | 90-degree elbow | Opening on the right as you face the body |
| LF / C | Straight or front-access inline | Cover on the face for a straight pull |
| T | Three-way tee | Three hubs, a branch off a run |
| X | Four-way cross | Four hubs, two runs crossing |
| Mogul | Oversized version | Same shapes, more internal room for large conductors |
The LB, the one you reach for most
The LB is the most common conduit body on the truck, and most electricians can picture it without looking. It makes a 90-degree turn with the conduit coming in one end and the run leaving at a right angle, and the removable cover sits on the back so you can open it from the face of the wall the conduit is turning into.
The classic use is the service entrance and any spot where a run comes down a wall and needs to turn through it to the panel or the meter on the other side. You see it at the point a feeder enters a building, where a riser ducks into a wall, and anywhere a run has to make one clean 90 with a place to pull. Because it gives you a pull point right at the bend, the LB is what keeps a long run with a tight corner from becoming a pull you cannot make.
Treat the LB as a pull point, not a junction. Unless that particular LB is marked with its volume, you open it, pull through it, dress the conductors, and close it back up. You do not splice in it.
The LL, LR, and C
The LL and LR are the same 90-degree elbow as the LB, turned so the access faces the side instead of the back. You use them when the wall or the obstruction is behind the run and the only place you can get a cover open is to the left or the right. LL opens to the left as you face the body, LR to the right. Pick the one whose cover lands where you will actually be able to reach it after the wall and the equipment go in, because a cover you cannot get a screwdriver to is a body you cannot pull.
The C is the straight-through body. Conduit enters one end and leaves the opposite end in a straight line, with the cover on the face. It is not for changing direction. It is a pull point and an access point dropped into the middle of a straight run that would otherwise be too long or have too many bends to pull in one shot. On a long horizontal run, a C every so often turns one impossible pull into two easy ones.
The T and the X
The T is a three-way conduit body. Three hubs meet in a tee, so a run can branch in two directions from one point, or two runs can come together and continue as one. The cover gives you access to all three openings at once, which makes the T the body you set where a feeder splits to two panels or where a branch peels off a homerun. As with any conduit body, the T is a pull and access point first. A splice in it is allowed only if it is marked with its volume.
The X, or cross, is the four-way version. Four hubs, two runs crossing, one cover. It is less common than the others because four-way junctions in conduit are less common, but where you have one, the X handles it in a single fitting instead of a box and a cluster of elbows. On both the T and the X, the more openings you bring into one body, the more conductors crowd the inside, so the conductor count and the bending room get tight fast. Size up before the pull, not during it.
Why use a conduit body instead of a box
A conduit body earns its place when you need one of four things and a full box would be wasted. You need to change direction and a factory elbow alone would not give you a way to pull. You need a pull point partway down a run that has gotten too long or has too many bends. You need access to the conductors for the future, a place someone can open later without cutting into anything. Or you need to get a run around an obstacle with a clean turn.
The advantage over a box is that the conduit body is compact, it threads or clamps straight into the raceway, and the cover keeps the run sealed and serviceable. You do not have to support and finish a box, and you do not give up the raceway's protection. The limit is the flip side of that compactness. A box has volume and room for devices and splices. A conduit body has very little of either unless it is built and marked for it, which is the whole pull-versus-splice question.
Can you splice wires in a conduit body?
You can splice in a conduit body only if it is durably and legibly marked by the manufacturer with its volume in cubic inches, and then only if the conductors, splices, and any devices fit within that marked volume by the box-fill math. This rule sits in NEC 314.16(C) in recent editions, and it is the single most-violated thing about conduit bodies. Most bodies on the shelf are not marked, which means most bodies are pull points only.
The reason is the same as box fill. A splice generates heat and takes up room, and a body with no rated volume has no way to say how much conductor and connection it can safely hold. Without the marking, the inspector has no number to check against and the code does not let you guess, even if the body looks plenty big. An unmarked LB stuffed with wire nuts is a fail on sight.
When a body is marked, you run the box-fill calculation the same way you would for a box, counting the conductors against the cubic-inch capacity stamped on the fitting. The conduit-fill guide covers the area-and-volume math that backs this up. The practical rule for the field is short: pull in conduit bodies, splice in boxes, and only splice in a body when the volume is stamped on it and the math closes.
Sizing a conduit body for the conductors
A conduit body has to be big enough for the conductors that pass through it, and for conductors 4 AWG and larger the code gets specific. NEC 314.28 in recent editions sets minimum pull and bending dimensions for boxes and conduit bodies handling 4 AWG and larger insulated conductors, because large conductors do not bend in a small fitting without damage. A standard small LB is fine for branch-circuit wire and undersized for a feeder.
For a straight pull the body has to give the conductor a clear, gentle path. For an angle or a U pull, the distance from a raceway entry to the opposite wall is held to a multiple of the largest trade size of conduit entering, commonly six times the trade size in the angle case, so the conductor has room to turn without a sharp kink. Confirm the exact dimensions and multipliers against the adopted edition.
There is a relief valve. A listed conduit body marked by the manufacturer with the maximum number and size of conductors it is rated for can be smaller than the raw dimension rule, because the listing already proves it works for that combination. So you have two legal paths for large conductors: meet the dimensions, or use a body listed and marked for the conductors you are pulling. The conduit-fill guide covers how the conductor areas add up inside the fitting.
Bending room and the mogul body
Large conductors need room to bend inside the body, and that is what drives you to a bigger fitting long before the hubs run out of space. A 250 kcmil feeder forced into a standard LB will not make the turn without kinking the conductor and skinning the insulation against the inside of the casting. The conductor wins that fight and the insulation loses.
The mogul body is the answer. A mogul is an oversized conduit body, same letter shapes, built with extra depth and a larger casting so big conductors have the radius they need to turn. On feeder-sized runs the mogul is not a luxury, it is what keeps the pull legal and the insulation intact. When you spec a body for anything in the large-conductor range, default to the mogul or to a body listed and marked for the conductors, and confirm the bending dimensions against the edition in force.
The cover and the gasket
The removable cover is what makes a conduit body a conduit body. It is held by one or more screws and comes off to give you the pull and the access, then goes back on to close the run. The cover and the body are a matched pair. A cover from one series or form does not always seat on a body from another, so keep them together and order them as a set.
Outdoors and in any wet or damp location, the cover carries a gasket and the assembly has to keep water out. The gasket sits between the cover and the casting and seals when the screws pull the cover down evenly. A torn, missing, or pinched gasket is the leak path, and water that gets into a body sits on the conductors and finds its way down the conduit. When you close a body in a wet location, check that the gasket is intact and seated and that every cover screw is in and tight, not just the two corners that were easy to reach.
Materials and the Form designation
Conduit bodies come in a few materials, and the choice follows the conduit and the environment. Aluminum is light and common with rigid and IMC in dry and ordinary locations. Iron and malleable iron are heavier and take abuse, which suits industrial and more exposed work. PVC conduit bodies pair with PVC conduit so the whole run is one nonmetallic system, which matters for corrosive and underground work where metal would rot. Match the body material to the raceway and to what the location will do to metal.
The Form number you see in a catalog, commonly Form 7 and Form 8, identifies the body and cover style within a manufacturer's line, mostly the cover shape and the internal depth. The practical point is that bodies and covers have to share the same form and series to seat and gasket correctly, and equivalents across brands are built to interchange within a form. The exact differences between forms vary by manufacturer, so go by the catalog for the line you are buying rather than assuming one brand's Form 7 matches another's by name alone. All of it is built to the UL standard for conduit bodies and fittings, UL 514B.
Wet locations and the NEMA rating
A conduit body used outdoors or in a wet location has to be rated and assembled to keep water out, which means a gasketed cover and a raintight body, not just any casting with a lid. The enclosure type, often given as a NEMA rating, tells you what the body is built to resist. An indoor-only body with an ungasketed cover put outside is a leak waiting for the first hard rain.
Raintight and wet-rated are not the same as submersible, and a body that sheds rain is not automatically good underground or underwater. Match the rating to the actual exposure: rain and weather, washdown, corrosive atmosphere, or burial. The threaded-hub bodies used with rigid and IMC seal at the threads when made up tight, which is part of how they hold a wet rating, and that is one reason wet-location runs lean on threaded systems.
Threaded hubs versus set-screw and compression
How the conduit body connects to the raceway depends on the raceway. Rigid metal conduit and IMC use threaded hubs: you thread the conduit into the body and make it up tight, which gives a strong mechanical joint, a continuous metal path, and on the right fittings a wet seal at the threads. This is the connection you want where the run takes strain or has to stay raintight.
EMT does not thread, so EMT bodies and fittings use set-screw or compression connectors instead. A set-screw fitting bites the tubing with a screw and is the common indoor choice. A compression fitting squeezes a ring around the tubing and seals better, which is why compression is used where the run sees damp or wet conditions. Whatever the connection, it has two jobs at once: hold the conduit mechanically and carry the equipment grounding path through the joint. A loose set screw or a compression nut left finger-tight fails both at the same time, and the ground failure is the one nobody sees until there is a fault.
The rest of the fittings family
Conduit bodies sit inside a larger set of fittings that join, terminate, and adjust a raceway run, and the same crew that sets the bodies is setting all of these. Couplings join two lengths of conduit in line. Connectors land a conduit on a box or an enclosure. Locknuts and bushings finish that termination, holding the connector to the enclosure and protecting the conductors as they leave the pipe. Offset nipples bridge the small height difference between two knockouts on adjacent enclosures without bending conduit. Expansion fittings absorb the movement of a run that grows and shrinks with temperature.
None of these are afterthoughts. The fitting is where a raceway system is made or broken, because the conduit itself rarely fails between fittings. It fails at the joint that was not made up, the termination with no bushing, the knockout that was never bonded. The sections below take the ones that bite most often.
Insulating bushings and conductor protection
A bushing goes on the end of a conduit or a connector where the conductors leave the raceway, and its job is to give them a smooth, rounded surface to ride over instead of the sharp cut edge of the pipe or the threads. Pull a conductor across a bare metal conduit end and the edge skins the insulation, and a nicked conductor is a fault waiting for the right conditions. The bushing turns a knife edge into a curve.
For larger conductors the code makes it a requirement, not a nicety. Where a raceway carries 4 AWG and larger insulated conductors, the conductors have to be protected at the entry by a fitting with a smooth, rounded insulating surface, commonly an insulating bushing, under NEC 300.4(G) in recent editions. Some bushings are all plastic, some are metal with an insulated throat, and some double as bonding bushings with a lug for a grounding conductor. The thing the bushing protects against is invisible until it is a problem: the small nick on the pull that becomes a fault months later. Confirm the section against the adopted edition, but put the bushing on either way.
Expansion fittings on long runs
A conduit run expands and contracts with temperature, and over a long run that movement adds up to real distance. PVC moves the most, far more than steel for the same temperature swing, which is why a long exposed PVC run needs an expansion fitting to take up the change without buckling the conduit or pulling joints apart. Steel moves too, just less, and long steel runs across structural expansion joints get expansion or expansion-deflection fittings as well.
The expansion fitting is a sliding joint that lets the conduit grow and shrink while staying connected and, on metal systems, still carrying the ground. Set it with the piston positioned for the temperature at install, so it has room to move both ways across the range the run will see. The amount of movement to plan for depends on the conduit material, the run length, and the temperature swing, and the manufacturer's table gives the setting. The wiring-methods guide covers material choice; the point here is that a long run without an expansion fitting tears itself apart slowly, and the failure shows up at the fittings.
Locknuts, bonding bushings, and grounding at the knockouts
A standard locknut holds a connector to an enclosure and bites through the paint to make a ground path, and for most ordinary connections that is enough. Where it is not enough is at concentric and eccentric knockouts, the rings of metal punched into an enclosure that leave a weak, interrupted path between the conduit and the box steel. On circuits over a certain voltage, the code does not accept a plain locknut across those rings as a reliable bond.
That is where bonding locknuts and bonding bushings come in. A bonding bushing has a setscrew or a lug that bites the enclosure and a place to land a bonding jumper, so you carry the equipment grounding path around the questionable knockout with a wire instead of trusting the punched ring. The NEC bonding rules in Article 250, including the requirements around concentric and eccentric knockouts and at service equipment, drive when you need them. Confirm the specific sections and the voltage thresholds against the adopted edition.
The reason this matters is the reason all grounding matters. The equipment grounding path has to carry fault current long enough to trip the breaker. A run that looks bonded because the locknuts are tight, but bridges a concentric knockout with no jumper, has a weak link exactly where the fault current needs to pass. You find it with a continuity check, or the fault finds it for you.
Installing the conduit body
Set the body so the cover faces where a person can actually open it. This is the decision that gets made wrong most often and costs the most later, because a cover buried against a wall, blocked by ductwork, or turned up where no ladder reaches is a pull point you cannot use. Picture the finished space, not the empty shell, before you pick LB versus LL versus LR and before you clock the body on the conduit.
Make up the connections tight, threaded hubs to a full thread engagement and set-screw or compression fittings to a real bite, so the joint holds mechanically and carries the ground. Support the body and the conduit on each side per the code support rules for the raceway and for the fitting; a conduit body is not a substitute for a support. In a wet location, gasket the cover, run every cover screw, and seal the run where the code calls for it. Leave the conductors enough slack at the body that the next person can pull the cover and work them without fighting the run.
Orient the body for the pull as well as the cover. A conduit body set with its opening favoring the direction of the hardest pull gives you the angle to feed and grab the conductors, which is half of why the body is there in the first place.
Conduit bodies on commercial and data-center runs
On large commercial and data-center jobs the conduit body shows up in volume, and the same rules bite harder because the conductors are bigger and the runs are longer. Feeder-sized pulls mean mogul bodies and listed-and-marked fittings, not the small LBs that suit branch work. The pull-versus-splice rule gets enforced closely on these jobs because an unmarked body full of feeder splices is both a code fail and a reliability risk in a building that cannot lose power.
Density is the other pressure. Cable tray and conduit share crowded overhead space, runs cross and branch, and the T and X bodies and the offset nipples earn their keep getting many raceways through one congested zone. Coordinate the body locations with the other trades early, because a conduit body whose cover ends up behind a duct or above a hard ceiling is access nobody will ever use. On these jobs the documentation also matters more, since the next crew to open a run may be doing it years later in a live building.
Common mistakes
- Splicing in a conduit body that is not durably marked with its volume, which is a code fail regardless of how big the body looks.
- Using a body too small for the conductors, so there is not enough fill room or bending radius and the pull skins the insulation.
- Picking the wrong type or clocking the cover so it faces a wall, a duct, or a spot no one can reach to open.
- Leaving off the insulating bushing on 4 AWG and larger conductors and nicking the insulation on the pull.
- Using an indoor body with an ungasketed cover in a wet location, so water gets in and runs down the conduit.
- Trusting a plain locknut across a concentric or eccentric knockout instead of bonding around it with a bushing and jumper.
- Leaving a set screw or compression nut loose, which fails the mechanical hold and the ground path at the same time.
What the inspector checks on a conduit body
An inspector works a conduit body in a predictable order, and knowing it lets you catch the fail before they do. First the type and the cover orientation: is it the right body for the run and can the cover be opened in the finished space. Then splices: if there is a splice in the body, is the body marked with its volume and does the fill math close. An unmarked body with a splice is the fastest fail on the list.
Next the fill and bending room for large conductors, against the dimensions or the body's listing and marking. Then the cover and gasket in any wet location, looking for a seated gasket and every screw in. Then the bonding: bushings and jumpers where concentric or eccentric knockouts and the voltage call for them, and tight connections throughout. The body is small, but it touches every category an inspector cares about, which is why a sloppy one draws attention out of proportion to its size.
What to document
A conduit body is easy to install and easy to forget, and the record is what lets the next crew open a run without guessing. The main thing worth writing down is any body where you did something other than a plain pull: a marked body with a splice, a mogul sized for a feeder, a bonding bushing where a knockout needed a jumper. Those are the decisions a future electrician or an inspector will want to confirm.
Capture the body type and where it is, what it carries, and the note that explains anything non-standard about it. If you spliced, record that the body was marked and that the fill was checked. If you bonded around a knockout, record the jumper. The table below is the short version of what is worth a line.
| Body type and location | Use | Note |
|---|---|---|
| LB at service entrance | Pull point at the 90 into the wall | Pull only, no splice |
| Mogul T on feeder | Branch to two panels | Sized for bending room, large conductors |
| Marked C, mid-run | Pull point and splice | Volume marked, box-fill checked |
| Body with bonding bushing | Termination at concentric KO | Bonding jumper landed, continuity verified |
| Wet-location LR outdoors | Direction change, exterior | Gasketed cover, raintight, all screws in |
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Standards and references
The NEC, NFPA 70, is the framework. Conduit bodies live in Article 314 with boxes and fittings. The splice rule, that only a body durably marked with its volume may contain splices, taps, or devices, sits in 314.16(C) in recent editions, with the conductor-count math in 314.16(B). The pull and bending dimensions for 4 AWG and larger conductors, including the angle-pull multiple of the trade size and the listed-and-marked relief, are in 314.28. Support of boxes and conduit bodies is addressed in 314.23.
Conductor protection at the raceway entry for 4 AWG and larger conductors, the insulating-bushing requirement, is in 300.4(G). The bonding rules that drive bonding bushings and jumpers at concentric and eccentric knockouts and at services are in Article 250. Expansion-fitting practice follows the conduit articles, including the PVC provisions in Article 352. These article and section numbers shift between code cycles, so confirm them against the edition the jurisdiction has adopted and any local amendments before you cite them on a submittal.
The product standard for conduit bodies and fittings is UL 514B. The manufacturer's catalog controls the form, the cover and gasket match, the cubic-inch volume marking, and the listed conductor count for a given body. Where the listing or the instructions are stricter than a rule of thumb, the listing governs, and the project specification overrides habit when it is tighter.
Units, terms, and conversions
Conduit bodies and fittings carry their own vocabulary, and the same part shows up under different names across a drawing set, a catalog, and a counter.
A conduit body is also called a condulet, after the original trade name, or an outlet body or access fitting. The volume that decides whether you can splice is given in cubic inches, the same unit as box fill. Conduit and fitting sizes are given by trade size, also called metric designator in the code, where the number is a nominal size, not the literal inside diameter. Conductor size is AWG for smaller conductors and kcmil, thousands of circular mils, for larger ones. Enclosure environmental ratings are given as NEMA types or the equivalent IP rating on imported product.
- Conduit body
- An access fitting in a conduit run with a removable cover for direction change, pulling, or access; also called a condulet or outlet body
- LB / LL / LR
- 90-degree elbow bodies named by the direction the cover or side opening faces: back, left, or right
- Mogul
- An oversized conduit body with extra internal depth for the bending radius of large conductors
- Marked volume
- The cubic-inch capacity stamped on a body, required before any splice, tap, or device is allowed in it
- Bonding bushing
- A bushing with a lug or setscrew to land a bonding jumper, used to carry the ground around a concentric or eccentric knockout
- Form
- A manufacturer designation, such as Form 7 or Form 8, for the body and cover style; bodies and covers must share the form to seat
- Trade size
- The nominal size of conduit or a fitting, called metric designator in the code, not the literal inside diameter
FAQ
What is a conduit body?
A conduit body is an access fitting set into a conduit run with a removable cover, used to change direction, pull the conductors, or reach them later without installing a box. It threads or clamps into the raceway and keeps the run sealed and serviceable. Common types are the LB, LL, LR, C, T, and X.
What does LB stand for on a conduit body?
LB is the 90-degree elbow conduit body whose removable cover sits on the back, so it turns a run through a wall and gives you a pull point at the bend. It is the most common body on the truck, used at service entrances and anywhere a run makes one clean 90 and needs access to pull.
Can you splice wires in a conduit body?
Only if the conduit body is durably and legibly marked by the manufacturer with its volume in cubic inches, and the conductors fit that volume by the box-fill math, under NEC 314.16(C) in recent editions. Most bodies are not marked, so most are pull points only. An unmarked body with a splice fails inspection.
What conduit body do you use to go around a corner?
Use an L-series elbow body for a 90-degree turn: an LB when the cover faces the back into a wall, an LL when access has to be on the left, or an LR when it has to be on the right. Pick by where you can actually open the cover in the finished space.
What is the difference between a T and an X conduit body?
A T conduit body has three hubs for a three-way branch, where a run splits or two runs join. An X, or cross, has four hubs for two runs crossing at one point. Both are pull and access points first; splicing in either is allowed only when the body is marked with its volume and the fill math closes.
How big does a conduit body need to be for the conductors?
Big enough for fill and for bending room. For 4 AWG and larger conductors, NEC 314.28 sets minimum pull and bending dimensions, commonly six times the largest trade size on an angle pull, or you use a body listed and marked for the conductors. Large feeders usually need a mogul body. Confirm dimensions against the adopted edition.
Do you need an insulating bushing on a conduit body?
For 4 AWG and larger insulated conductors, the entry needs a fitting with a smooth, rounded insulating surface, commonly an insulating bushing, under NEC 300.4(G) in recent editions. The bushing keeps the cut conduit edge from skinning the insulation on the pull. Smaller conductors benefit too. A nicked conductor is a fault waiting to happen.
Is a conduit body rated for a wet location?
Only if it is built and marked for one, with a gasketed, raintight cover and the right NEMA enclosure type for the exposure. An indoor body with an ungasketed cover leaks outdoors and water runs down the conduit. Raintight is not the same as submersible, so match the rating to rain, washdown, corrosion, or burial.
What is a mogul conduit body?
A mogul is an oversized conduit body, the same LB, T, or other shape, built with extra depth and a larger casting so big conductors have the radius to bend without kinking. On feeder-sized runs a mogul is what keeps the pull legal and the insulation intact, where a standard small body would skin the conductors.
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Codes cited in this guide
This guide is written and reviewed against the published standards below. Always confirm the current adopted edition with the authority having jurisdiction.